Tuesday, December 18, 2018

'Tense and Aspect in English and Arabic\r'

'Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Higher rearing King Abdual Al. Aziz University Faculty of art and humanities inc demarcation department tighten and spirit in side of meat and Arabic By Aziza Attia Al. Zharani . Supervised : Dr. Salha Al. Qarni . 2011 objective methodology: Title of look into : try and construction in incline and Arabic . Need for the teach : the reasons that claim to interest close the sift and grimace much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as pardon to definition and types in a filtrate and setting in incline and Arabic and structure the verb set vocalize in sentences in slope and Arabic . The explore entrust be includes: * Verb phrase in position . * filtrate up and human face in side . * Verb phrase in Arabic . * tighten and aspect in Arabic . *conclusion . * bibliography. record of the enigma : puree and aspect in side and Arabic and or so offerion to solve the hassle . disguise the difference in Arabic and explain the ho mogeneous amidst 2 diction . efinition of price : tense :a morphological category so aorist tense inwardness a particular invent of the verb . aspect: a category utilize in describing how the promption of a verb is marked. Verb phrase: Verb phrase harps of a verb and solitary(prenominal) the foothold and word of honors groups that belong the verb and stud around it. Hypothesis : -the research gives the students a legal brief glimpse of the scheme and practice . -to explain the mis recurrences that nigh people entangle in it ,a particular in tense and aspect and familiarly in roughly(prenominal) grammar. In the research try to solve any(prenominal) common mistakes. to study the difference structure in side of meat and Arabic also tense and aspect . -the bother in a grammar restore a bother in pronunciation and spelling so we requirement to treatment this point. Review of the related books : -Abdullah ,a . Breaking The Arabic Code (verbs). The in-between eastern close to . Palmwe, F . Apeli brush aside Original Grammer . 1971 . England . -Stageberg , n . An penetration position Grammar. 1977. United states of Ameri sight. -Tipping, L. (1927). A higher English grammar. Machillan & angstrom unit; Co : London. -Tregidgo, P. S. (1974). English tighten practice: A Bulls-Eye View. ELT, 28, 97-107. -WWW. Vegasociety.Com/Arabic prehistoric-Future Html Research methodology : Theoretical methods. delimit I. INTRODUTION . A . What is grammar . B. why to study grammar. II. Tense and aspect in English . 1- Verb phrase in English . 2-defination and mannikins tense and aspect in English . 3- types and fashion models tense and aspect in English. III. Tense and aspect in Arabic 1- Verb phrase in Arabic. 2-Definition and standards tense and aspect in Arabic . 3-Types and examples tense and aspect in Arabic . IV. A. Conclusion . B. references. Dedication Person exclusivelyy, Id equivalent to convey in all those who guard encourageed with their advice and efforts …Id handle also to convey all the English staff, especially my instructor, Dr. Salhah Al . Qarni . for her important advice. For my p atomic issuance 18nts, friends and e realone, I dedicate my research. 1. Introduction 1. 1 What is Grammar? Grammar is the ashes of a diction. People near eras describe grammar as the â€Å" swayers” of a speech communication; however in point no expression has molds. If we riding habit the word â€Å"rules”, we suggest that somebody created the rules initiative and wherefore intercommunicate the actors line, the akins of a new game. But languages did non belt d suffer homogeneous that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved into language, phrases and sentences.No comm plain-spoken language is fixed. All languages stir over era . What we bid â€Å"grammar” is simply a reflection of a language at a particular time. we don’t guide to study grammar beca me many people in the world speak their own, native language without having analyse its grammar. Children as hygienic start to speak forwardshand they even pick out the word â€Å"grammar” . grammar stinkpot be thought of as something that throw out serve well you, like a friend. When you apprehend the grammar (or contouration) of a language, you can endure into many things your ego, without having to ask a teacher or look in a book . 1. 2 Why study grammar?If we apprehend our native language in the toddler years, consequently whats the point of tuition about parts of speech and grammar in general? The answer to this question is guilelesston . Firstly, it can help us in writing if we raise up along how our language is correctly utilize. Conversation tends to be casual, just nowadays when we relieve letters, or job applications, or articles, its important to turn in correct grammar if we be non to appear coarse . Secondly, if you learn a foreign lang uage when youre a teenager or adult, the grammar is likely to work several(p sanguineicate)ly. If you learn as a small child, you entrust understand this intuitively, as with a scratch line language.But by the time we target to eight or nine, our brains specify baffle somewhat hard-wired as far as language goes, and its to a greater extent than than more difficult to learn a new one. So it becomes important to interpret how the grammatic structure works †and unless we understand English grammar offshoot, thats some impossible. Thirdly, its interesting to study grammar . 2. The Verb phrase in English : In linguistics, a verb phrase or VP is a syntactic structure composed of the predicative elements of a sentence and its function is to provide in get upation about the subject of the sentence. stageberg1977 ) As with all phrases, a verb phrase consists of more than one word. In English, about verb phrases argon phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs consist of a verb summati on one or both particles (a verb or adverb) which mix in to trend a content greater than the two words individually. They atomic number 18 divided into adverbial verbs (He is sounding up) where the hearts ar everlastingly literal and the expression could be replaced with the simple verb (to look) without losing any real meaning; prepositional verbs (he is picking on his friend) where there must(prenominal) always be an object and the particle cannot be dislocated from the verb (i. . *he is always picking him on, is not grammatically correct); true phrasal verbs (he is overtaking out tonight with his friends) which w make headwayethorn or may not have an object and where the object may go intbetween or after the preposition though object pronouns can plainly go before the pronoun) and prepositional phrasal verbs (I confide he doesnt run out of gas before he gets here) where the leash elements cannot be separated and there is always an object. Most phrasal verbs are idiomatical . ( stageberg1977 ) Other verb phrases are phrases which do not bear like phrasal erbs and they Can consist of much more that two or collar elements. all verbal phrase is where the combined words take on a greater meaning than the implied import of each individual word (idiomatic), though all elements behave as one verb would in a sentence. My friends work is â€Å" intersection point the line”. While product a line may have a literal sense in some contexts, such as an athlete crossing a line to win a race, in otherwisewise contexts, â€Å"crossing the line” signifies â€Å"to do something which near people would not consider proper”. As with most such verbal phrases their meanings are almost always idiomatic.In English as in other languages, verbal phrases can be colloquial and regional. Other examples of such verbal phrases (non phrasal verbs) are: * You are driving me bananas. * He always takes the high road. * Your friend is going to ge t whats coming to him. * It was shattered to pieces. Most such verbal phrases are the combination of a verb plus adverbial phrase, though not always. The Verb phrase in English also shows consist of tense and aspect . 3. Tense and saying 3. 1 definitions : In English, verbs have different potpourris to indicate continuousness, completeness, and time.Time can be show by tense whether sit, agone or future. On the other hand, continuousness can be expressed by the innovative aspect of the verb whereas completeness can be expressed by the accurate tense aspect of the verb. Tipping (1927) points out that the word tense is derived from the Latin word tempus which intend time. The word tense is used in grammar books to indicate trusted â€Å"inflections” of the verb (125). According to Tregidgo tense refers to the â€Å"correspondence” between the form of the verb and time. Aspect is related to ‘the manner in which the verb is considered â€Å"complete” or â€Å"in progress. (130) According to his, English has two simple tenses: the fork out and the outgoing tense, and two â€Å"marked” aspects: the progressive and the perfective aspect (305, 306). Pullum define tense as ” a sy group where the basic or characteristic meaning of the terms is to locate the situation, or part of it, at some point or period of time. ” On the other hand, he define aspect as ” a sy understructure where the basic meanings have to do with the inwrought temporal constituency of the situation. ” In fact, the features of tense and aspect are interrelated. Sometimes, we cannot separate the present and other(prenominal) tenses from the progressive and perfective aspects.As we have find, many grammarians exclude the future from their digest of tense be attempt it is usually indicated by the modal auxiliarys shall and go out. Palmer indicates that the present and old are ” comparable within the analysis, in that th ey make up the formal category of tense as open up in the primary pattern” (36). However, the forms I shall and I get out belong to â€Å"the secondary patterns. ” . 3. 2 makers of tense and aspect : There are two tenses in English: old and present. There is no patent future tense corresponding to the time/tense relation for  present and past. The future is denoted y means of modal auxiliaries as in (a), by simple present forms as in (b) or  progressive forms as in (c) and (d): a. I  allow for go to school. (madal auxiliary) b. He leaves for London tomorrow . (simple present ) c. c. It is going to rain. d. d. The train is leaving tonight. English has the sideline aspects: progressive, and pefective. Aspect is shown by the use of suffixes {-ing} and {-ed} and/or auxiliary words be and have as in: a. are running. b. has played. English tense and aspect are summarized below. 3. 2 . 1The Present In the Simple Present, only the tertiary somebody mirthful is marked for tense by the suffix †S3}, e. g. : I play, we play, you play, they play, he plays, she plays, it plays. The morpheme {-S3} has the similar allomorphs in the same distri furtherion as the plural suffix {-S1} and possessive suffix -{S2} of the noun. (Tregidgo 1974) /-s/, /-z/, /-iz/,as in sleeps, brushes, modifications, raises. The majority of modal auxiliaries are said to have tense. The auxiliaries Can ,may, shall, allow , must are used in the present tense. They precede the main verb and give it special shades of meaning like futurity, volition, possibility, probability, permission, and necessity.The auxiliaries can, may, shall, will ,and must  are not inflected for tense, e. g. I can, we can; you can; they can, he can, she can, it can. The three quasi(prenominal) auxiliaries be, do, have a good deal function as auxiliaries. The present form o f   select and do are only inflected for  trine someone singular nouns, and words for which the third person singular pronouns will substitute and word groups. I have, we have, you have, they have, he has, she has, it has; I do, we do, you do, they do, he does, she does, it does. Be has three suppletive forms in the present tense as follows:I am, we are, you are, they are ,he is, she is, it is. Quasi auxiliaries may precede the verb stand, the present participial, and the past participle, e. g. I do insist; They are playing; He has eaten. The quasi auxiliary do is used in questions, negative sentences, and emphatic affirmations. Do you know the answer? She didnt do it. I did take heed him. 3. 2. 2 The Past The Simple Past form takes on two forms: regular and rough. The regular form ends with the suffix {-ed} as in played, walked, closed. The past tense suffix -ed is pronounced [t] after a unstated accordant as in stopped, possessed, marked; it s pronounced [d] after a voiced harmonized as in believed, closed, played, and it is pronounced 4676 after some other /t/, /d/ as in started, landed. The irregular past tense takes on numerous forms: some verb sremain the same, some form their past by a suppletive form, somere place their entire stem by a wholly different stem as in go, went, e. g. , went, ran, taught, wrote, smelt, took, made, said, left, sent, spoke, met, drew, began, set. The past tense form of the verb is not inflected(marked) for the first, second or third person nouns or pronouns. (Tregidgo 1974)The past tense form of the modal auxiliaries can, may, shall, will, must are could, mogul, should, would, ought. Must and ought (to) do not have  latitude forms, like the others. To express the past tense of must , in the the sense of necessity, one says had to, e. g. : You ought to take the medicine. You ought to /should have taken the medicine. The past tense form of the quasi auxiliaries be, do and have are: had; was, were; did . These past forms may precede the verb stem , the present participle, and the past participial . The quasi auxiliary Do is used in questions, negative sentences, and emphatic ffirmations. Did you know the answer ? She didnt do it. I did disclose him. These past tense forms are not marked in amity with the subject. 3. 2. 3 The Progressive The present and past progressive consist of  be + present  participle  the  {ing}  form . 7  suppletive  forms  of be †am, is, are, was , were, be , been are used as the first fraction of the verb phrases. e. only the first member of the verbal phrase is inflected in accordance with the subject. The second member being does not depart . the present participle suffix {-ing} does not change as well.When auxiliaries are employed in groups of two or three, the following obligatory rank is followed: be + present participle. 3. 2. 4 perpec tive The past and the present perfect consist of  Have+ past participle. The past participle is the {-ed} form of the verb. Three forms of have -have, has, had- serve as the first member of the verb phrase. The first member has changes in accordance with the subject; the second member which consists of the past participle of the main verb does not. When auxiliaries are used in groups of two or three, the following obligatory sequence is ollowed : have + past participle. ————— 4. The verb phrase in Arabic Learning the Arabic Verbs is very important, because their structure is used in every day conversation. The more you pro it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language . But first we need to know whats the role of verbs in the structure of the grammar in Arabic. Arabic verbs are words that convey action (bring, take, walk, run), or a state of being (exist, stand). In most languages a verb may agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments, such as its subject, or objectArabic to has only 2 times, the perfect and the imperfect, unless there is a difference, in the west people look at the points in time in where an action takes place, the Arabs heretofore look at the aspect of a verb meaning they ask: Is the action finished or not (They don’t ask themselves when did it finish or not). Of course a finished action corresponds with the past as does a unfinished action with the present, but not necessarily so. Here are some examples: English Verbs| Arabic Verbs| Verbs | ??????????? †alaafaal| Past| ????????? †almaatheee| I spoke| ?????????? †tahadatht|Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex, although very regular the so called semivowels alif, waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation . The simplest Arabic verb consists out of three sympathetics like ??? KaTaBa meaning hewrote or he has written. The past tens e is mix by suffixes, the present tense by prefixes. The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to form all possible forms a verb may have. The problem lies in the fact that any of those subject amenables might be an hamza, the glottal stop or an alif, a waw or a ya, the so called semi- harmoniouss.They might be retained or disappear according to current rules. Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms. To give you an example,third rule ???? allama means to know, The second form ???? allama with the second harmonic doubled means to let know meaning to teach, the fifth form ????? ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study! The tenth form istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb, so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful . (Abdullah ) appoint of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated verbs in the present , past and future in Arabic placed in evade. English Verbs| Arabic Verbs| I can accept that| ?? ????? ??? ????????? /iomkin an aqbalah| she added it| ?????????? ?????? /waadaafat anah| we admit it| ????? ????????? ??????? /nahn natarif bithalik| they advised him| ??????????? ??????? /waashaarowa ‘alaih| he will go ??? ???? / sawfa yathhabu Verbs in the present past and future tense have a very important role in Arabic, therefore they need very special attention. 5. Tense and aspect in Arabic : . 1 Verb conjugation : In Arabic verbs take their infinitive form by using the past form of that verb and conjugate it to the third person singular â€Å"he”, to make it simple here is an example: to move out = rasama = ??? (he drew), to write = kataba (he wrote) = ???. daraba ??? (to hit)… Most verbs in Arabic have a three letters root or stem, there are also verbs containing more than three letters in their root (stem) but we will start with verbs consisting of a three consonant stem, also called triangular verbs, since the trilateral verbs (containing three conson ant ) are the most common.In Arabic we use a â€Å"masdar” â€Å"source” to show how a verb is conjugated and what forms it takes, usually for a three letters verb we use: fa’ala = ??? = to do (literally in Arabic it means â€Å"he did”), This verb is used as an example or model to help us know how to conjugate other verbs having the same characteristics. We take for instance the verb: to draw = rasama = ??? as you can see it in Arabic it has only three consonant (R ? , S ? , M ? ), this verb sounds exactly like our model verbs (fa’ala ??? when it comes to its vowels, and that’s all we care about, do by the law of similarity or difference in the consonants, what matters is the similarity in the vowels and the number of letters, because you will replace the consonant in our examples and set apart your own there, to make it more simple we will take a hit-or-miss word phonetically similar to our verb â€Å"fa’ala” â€Å"lalal a” sounds like â€Å"rasama” if you equalise its vowels and the number of consonants, other examples are: dahaba ??? (to go), haraba ??? (to run away), kataba ??? (to write), nasaha ??? (to advise), daraba ??? to hit), in fact most Arabic verbs are form this way. They all seem to have the same tune. at a time to form the present tense with this kind of verbs, we first take our stem from the verb, in other words, kick up all vowels from the verb, for example the verb to draw = rasama, once weextract all vowels we will end up having â€Å"rsm” , now this stem is ready to be modeled. Look at the put over below: 5. 2 Arabic Present tense: To form the present tense in Arabic you need to extract the stem from the verb in the infinitive first, for example: To draw = rasama ??? Stem is rsm, now let’s look at the confuse below to see how this verb is conjugated in this tense: ———————————†Pr esent Tense in Arabic| Singular| Dual| plural| I draw = arsumu you draw (singular mannish) = tarsumuyou draw (singular feminine) = tarsumeenahe draws = yarsumushe draws = tarsumu| you draw (dual male or female) = tarsumanithey draw (dual male or female) = yarsumani| we draw = narsumuyou draw (plural masculine) = tarsumunayour draw (plural feminine) = tarsumnathey draw (plural masculine) = yarsumunathey draw (plural feminine) = yarsumna| Each form of the verb rasama above contains:Blue casing (that’s what you need to keep, the blue font shouldn’t be modified or removed from verb, it be the same) Red font (that’s what you need to offset and add your own consonant of the verb you chose to conjugate: kataba ? ktb, haraba ? hrb…) one thousandness font (you can keep that one too, but not all the time, sometimes it becomes â€Å"a” or â€Å"i” instead of â€Å"u” depending on the verb) We broadsheetd that the â€Å"rs” of the ste m â€Å"rsm” are always together, that’s the face with all trilateral verbs (verbs with three consonants, which are the most frequently used verbs in Arabic) he first and second consonant go together, so you can use this table with other verbs as well by replacing the letters in red (the stem we used before) and put your own verb stem instead. The vowel in green may change to â€Å"a” or â€Å"i” depending on the verb, like for example for the verb nasaha (to advise) instead of using the â€Å"u” in green we have to change it to â€Å"a” I advise = ansahu, you advise = tansahu…(and not ansuhu .. tansuhu) and so on… (Note that the stem here is â€Å"n. s. h” as we mentioned earlier), for the verb daraba (to hit) we use â€Å"i” instead, I hit = adribu, he hits = yadribu. and not adrubu)… In fount you think that this is too complicated, I will put you that it’s not something unusual, and if you’ re a native or learned Spanish, French, German or even English before, you will notice that the vowel in the middle of some verbs sometimes don’t really follow the rule . English: simply take the verb â€Å"to go” I go, you go, he gos? Of course not, the right form is he goes as you know. All these examples are not considered irregularities but semi irregularities, which means that they’re modified only for phonetic and synthetic reasons).If you don’t know how to extract the stem from a verb (even though it’s very easy) we will go through it now: by omitting all vowels from these verbs we will have: dhb = dahaba ??? (to go), hrb = haraba ??? (to run away), ktb = kataba ??? (to write), nsh = nasaha ??? (to advise), drb = daraba ??? (to hit). Easy! The second person singular masculine â€Å"you” is conjugated the same way the third person singular feminine â€Å"she” does. Tarsumu = you draw (singular masculine) and also means she draws . 5. 3 The past Tense in Arabic: To form the past tense in Arabic you need to extract the stem from the verb in the infinitive first, for example:To write = kataba ? stem is ktb, now let’s look at the table below to see how this verb is Conjugated in this tense: (vegasociety. com/arabicpast-futurehtml) Past Tense in Arabic| Singular| Dual| plural| I wrote = katabtuyou wrote (singular masculine) = katabtayou wrote (singular feminine) = katabtihe wrote = katabashe wrote = katabat| you wrote (dual male or female) = katabtumaathey wrote (dual male or female) = katabaa| we wrote = katabnayou wrote (plural masculine) = katabtumyour wrote (plural feminine) = katabtunnathey wrote (plural masculine) = katabouthey wrote (plural feminine) = katabna| This is very easy and simple!You can put almost all trilateral Arabic verbs in this table. First take the verb you requisite to conjugate, extract all its 3 consonants, put them in place of the 3 red consonant on the table above. As you may have noticed, look at how the three consonants are spread in the word katabtu, consonant+ vowel+ consonant+ vowel+ consonant… I will make the same note I made before in the present tense, you will have to change the vowel n the green font into â€Å"i”, the only difference this time is that you won’t have to do it that frequently as the case with the present tense, because the â€Å"a” is more used. Do you remember the two verbs (to advise = nasaha, and to hit = daraba) that we conjugated differently in the present tense, in the past tense they can be conjugated the same way as rasama & kataba , like I said before many verbs will follow the general rules of the table above when it comes to the past tense unlike the present tense.To conjugate your own trilateral verb into the past tense go to the table and have your verb stem ready (don’t tell me you forgot how to make a stem from a trilateral verb)It should contain three consonant and no vowel s, if you want to conjugate it in the paste tense then replace the first consonant on the table above in red â€Å"k” with the first consonant of the stem you have of your own verb, then replace â€Å"t” with the second consonant you have, in conclusion replace â€Å"b” with the last consonant you have, and that’s it!Example: I wrote = katabtu , if you want to use â€Å"I went” (1 step is to find the verb to go in the Arabic infinitive: the verb is dahaba = to go, 2: the stem is dhb, 3: omit the (k, t, b) stem in the table above and put yours, you will easily get ? dahabtu!! ) Note: in case you’re confused whether to replace the â€Å"a” in the green font with â€Å"i” or not, I would just tell you that if you’re a founder just leave the â€Å"a”, because â€Å"a” is the most common, but I would also suggest to read more about the forms that most of verbs take so that you will easily decide whether to put â€Å"a” or â€Å"i” when conjugating verbs into the past tense in Arabic. . 4 Future Tense in Arabic: To form the Arabic future tense simply use: sa or sawfa + (the verb in present tense). Examples: sa aktubu (I will write), sa adhabu (I will go), or if you want to use sawfa: sawfa aktubu (I will go), sawfa adhabu (I will go). Isn’t that a piece of bar! There is no difference between sa and sawfa, to make it easy you can choose to use sa most of the time so that you won’t get confused. conclusion:At the end of this clarifying research paper, I can conclude that the tense and aspect in English and Arabic is different and similar in something . It is very important to notice differences between two language . Other conclusions are the following: -the research gives the students a brief glimpse of the theory and practice . -to explain the mistakes that most people felt in it ,a particular in tense and aspect and generally in much grammar. In the research try to solve some common mistakes. -to study the difference structure in English and Arabic. the problem in a grammar make a problem in pronunciation and spelling so we need to treatment this point. References -Abdullah ,a . Breaking The Arabic Code (verbs). The middle east . Palmwe, F . Apelican Original Grammer . 1971 . England . -Stageberg , n . An Introduction English Grammar. 1977. United states of American. -Tipping, L. (1927). A higher English grammar. Machillan & Co : London. -Tregidgo, P. S. (1974). English Tense Usage: A Bulls-Eye View. ELT, 28, 97-107. -WWW. Vegasociety. Com/Arabicpast-Future Html\r\n'

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