Roles of Transportation

CHAPTER 3. reference OF raptus IN decree NPTEL whitethorn 7, 2007 Chapter 3 Role of extendation in society 3. 1 Overview shipping is a non separ adapted part of any(prenominal) society. It exhibits a rattling close sexual relation to the style of disembodied spirit, the range and spatial relation of activities and the goods and services which go out be available for consumption. Advances in theodolite has made possible changes in the way of living and the way in which societies argon organized and hence have a great in uence in the reading of civilizations.This chapter conveys an arrangement of the importance of impartation in the modern society by presenting selected characteristics of alive back breaker dodges, their use and relationships to other human activities. tranceation is responsible for the maturation of civilizations from very old times by meeting travel indispensableness of multitude and transport studyment of goods. Such movement has changed the w ay people live and travel. In developed and maturation nations, a large work out of people travel daily for work,shopping and social reasons.But transport also consumes a lot of re get-gos analogous time,fuel, materials and farming. 3. 2 Economic power of transportation economic science involves production, distri plainlyion and consumption of goods and services. People depend upon the natural resources to satisfy the needfully of life but overdue to non uniform surface of humanity and due to di erence in local resources, there is a lot of di erence in measuring rod of living in di erent societies. So there is an immense requirement of transport of resources from one particular society to other.These resources keister range from material things to fellowship and skills like movement of doctors and technicians to the places where there is need of them. 3. 2. 1 The place, time, quality and advantage of goods An example is given to evaluate the relationship surrounded by place, time and terms of a particular goodness. If a goodness is produced at omen A and wanted by people of another confederacy at any point B distant x from A, thus the price of the commodity is dependent on the distance between two centers and the carcass of transportation between two points. With improved system the commodity will be made less(prenominal) costly at B. . 2. 2 Changes in location of activities The reduction of cost of transport does not have same e ect on entirely locations. Let at any point B the commodity is to be consumed. This product is supplied by two send A and K which are at two di erent distances submission to out-migration Engineering 3. 1 tom turkey V. Mathew and K V Krishna Rao CHAPTER 3. ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION IN SOCIETY NPTEL May 7, 2007 from B. Let at present the commodity is supplied by A since it is at a lesser distance but after wards due to improvement in channel network between B and K,the point K becomes the supply point of product. . 2. 3 Conclusions Transport extends the range of sources of supply of goods to be consumed in an area, making it possible for exploiter to get resources at cheap price and high quality. The use of more than e cient systems of supply results in an summation in the total kernel of goods available for consumption. Since the supply of goods is no longer dependent on the causa of mode, items can be supplied by some alternative resources if usual source cannot supply what is needed. 3. 3 cordial consumption of transportationTransportation has always played an definitive role in in uencing the formation of urban societies. Although other facilities like availability of food and water, played a major role, the contribution of transportation can be seen clearly from the formation, size and pattern, and the development of societies, especially urban centers. 3. 3. 1 Formation of settlements From the beginning of civilization, the man is living in settlements which existed penny- pinching banks of major river junctions, a port, or an intersection of trade routes. Cities like red-hot York, Mumbai and Moscow are good examples. . 3. 2 Size and pattern of settlements The initial settlements were relatively small developments but with due course of time, they grew in population and developed into big cities and major trade centers. The size of settlements is not further limited by the size of the area by which the settlement can obtain food and other necessities, but also by considerations of in the flesh(predicate) travels especially the journey to and from work. The increased speed of transport and reduction in the cost of transport have resulted in variety of spatial patterns. . 3. 3 Growth of urban centers When the cities grow beyond normal walking distance, then transportation technology plays a role in the formation of the city. For example, more cities in the plains developed as a circular city with radial-ply tire routes, where as the cities beside a river developed linearly. The development of automobiles, and other factors like increase in personal income, and building of paved road network, the settlements were transformed into urban centers of intense travel activity. 3. 4 governmental role of transportationThe world is shared into some political units which are formed for mutual protection, economic advantages and development of commonality culture. Transportation plays an important role in the functioning of such political Introduction to Transportation Engineering 3. 2 Tom V. Mathew and K V Krishna Rao CHAPTER 3. ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION IN SOCIETY NPTEL May 7, 2007 units. 3. 4. 1 Administration of an area The organization of an area must be able to send/get information to/about its people. It may include laws to be followed, security and other needful information needed to generate awareness.An e cient administration of a country largely depends on how e ectively political relation could communicate these inform ation to all the country. However, with the advent of communications, its importance is slightly reduced. 3. 4. 2 Political choices in transport These choices may be classified as communication, military movement, travel of persons and movement of freight. The primary function of transportation is the shift of messages and information. It is also needed for rapid movement of troops in circumstance of emergency and finally movement of persons and goods.The political decision of construction and support of roads has resulted in the development of transportation system. 3. 5 Environmental role of transportation The prejudicious e ects of transportation is more dominating than its helpful aspects as far as transportation is c at oncerned. There are numerous categories into which the environmental e ects have been categorized. They are explained in the following sections. 3. 5. 1 Safety Growth of transportation has a very unfortunate shock on the society in terms of accidents. World wide death and injuries from road accidents have reached epidemic proportions. killed and about 15 million injured on the road accidents annually. Increased variation in the speeds and vehicle density resulted in a high exposure to accidents. Accidents result in loss of life and stable disability, injury, and damage to property. Accidents also causes numerous non-quantifiable affects like loss of time, wo to the near ones of the victim, and inconve- nience to the public. The loss of life and damage from natural disasters, industrial accidents, or epidemic often receive significant attention from both government and public. This is because their occurrence is concentrated but sparse.On the other hand, accidents from transport sector are widespread and occurs with high frequency. For instance, a study has predicted that death and disabilities resulting from road accidents in comparison with other diseases will rise from ninth to third roll between 1990 and 2020. Road accidents as cause to death and disability could regulate below heart disease and clinical depression, and ahead of stroke and all infectious diseases. Significant reduction to accident rate is achieved in the developing countries by improved road designed precaution, improved vehicle design, device driver education, and law enforcements.However in the developing nations, the rapid growth of personalized vehicles and scurvy infrastructure, road design, and law enforcement has resulted in growing accident rate. 3. 5. 2 bloodline Pollution All transport modes consume aptitude and the most common source of energy is from the burning of fossil fuels like coal, petrol, diesel, etc. The relation between air pollution and respiratory disease have been present by various studies and the detrimental e ects on the planet earth is widely recognized recently. The combustion of Introduction to Transportation Engineering 3. Tom V. Mathew and K V Krishna Rao CHAPTER 3. ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION IN SOCIETY N PTEL May 7, 2007 the fuels releases several contaminants into the atmosphere, including carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and other particulate matter. Hydrocarbons are the result of half(prenominal) combustion of fuels. Particulate matters are minute solid or liquified particles that are suspended in the atmosphere. They include aerosols, smoke, and dust particles. These air pollutants once emitted into the atmosphere , undergo mixing and disperse into the surroundings. 3. 5. Noise pollution pass is acoustical energy released into atmosphere by vibrating or moving bodies where as noise is unwanted sound produced. Transportation is a major subscriber of noise pollution, especially in urban areas. Noise is generated during both construction and operation. During construction, operation of large equipments causes considerable noise to the neighborhood. During the operation, noise is generated by the engine and exhaust systems of vehicle, aerodynamic friction, and the interaction between the vehicle and the support system (road- tire, rail-wheel).Extended exposure to excessive sound has been shown to produce physical and psychological damage. Further, because of its wickedness and disturbance, noise adds to mental stress and fatigue. 3. 5. 4 Energy consumption The great growth in industrial and economic growth during the past nose candy have been closely related to an abundant supply of inexpensive energy from fossil fuels. Transportation sector is unbelieved to consume more than half of the oil products. The compact of the shortage of fuel was experienced during major wars when strict circumscribe was imposed in many countries.The impact of this had cascading e ects on many factors of society, especially in the price escalation of essential commodities. However, this has some positive impacts a shift to public transport system, a search for energy e cient engines, and alternate fuels. During the time of fuel shortage, people shifted t o cheaper public transport system. policy makers and planners, thereafter gave much emphasis to the public transit which consume less energy per person. The second impact was in the development of fuel-e cient engines and devices and operational and maintenance practices.A fast depleting fossil fuel has accelerated the search for energy e cient and environment friendly alternate energy source. The research is active in the development of bio-fuels, hydrogen fuels and solar energy. 3. 5. 5 Other impacts Transportation in a flash or indirectly a ects many other areas of society and few of then are listed below Almost all cities uses 20-30 percent of its land in transport facilities. Increased travel requirement also require additional land for transport facilities. A good transportation system takes considerable amount of land from the society.Aesthetics of a region is also a ected by transportation. Road networks in quite country side is ocular intrusion. Similarly, the transporta tion facilities like y-overs are again visual intrusion in urban context. The social life and social pattern of a community is severely a ected after the introduction of some trans- portation facilities. Construction of refreshful transportation facilities often require substantial relocation of residents and employment opportunities. Introduction to Transportation Engineering 3. 4 Tom V. Mathew and K V Krishna Rao CHAPTER 3. ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION IN SOCIETY NPTEL May 7, 2007 3. Summary The roles of transportation in society can be classified according to economic, social, political and environmental roles. The social role of transport has caused people to live in permanent settlements and has given chances of sustainable developments. Regarding political role, large areas can now be very easily governed with the help of good transportation system. The environmental e ects are usually viewed negatively. 3. 7 Problems 1. Safety criteria of transportation is viewed under (a) Politic al role of transportation (b) Environmental role of transportation c) Social role of transportation (d) None of these 2. Which of the following is not a negative impact of transportation? (a) Safety (b) Aesthetics (c) Mobility (d) Pollution 3. 8 Solutions 1. Safety criteria of transportation is viewed under (a) Political role of transportation (b) Environmental role of transportationv (c) Social role of transportation (d) None of these 2. Which of the following is not a negative impact of transportation? (a) Safety (b) Aesthetics (c) Mobilityv (d) Pollution Introduction to Transportation Engineering 3. 5 Tom V. Mathew and K V Krishna Rao